The Aztec Empire, also known as the Triple Alliance, was one of the most influential and powerful civilizations in Mesoamerica before the arrival of European explorers. Founded in the early 15th century, the empire thrived in what is now central Mexico, reaching its peak under the rule of Montezuma II before falling to the Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés in 1521.
The Aztecs were originally a nomadic tribe known as the Mexica, who settled on an island in Lake Texcoco in 1325 and founded their capital city, Tenochtitlán. According to legend, they chose the location after seeing a prophetic sign—an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak, a symbol that remains central to Mexico’s national identity today. Tenochtitlán grew into a thriving metropolis with impressive temples, palaces, and marketplaces. At its height, the city was home to around 200,000 people, making it one of the largest cities in the world at the time.
The Aztec Empire was built on a system of alliances, conquest, and tribute. The empire was formed through the alliance of Tenochtitlán, Texcoco, and Tlacopan, and it expanded through military campaigns. Conquered territories were required to pay tribute in goods such as food, textiles, and precious metals, which helped sustain the empire’s economy and military.
Religion played a central role in Aztec society. The Aztecs believed in a pantheon of gods, with Huitzilopochtli, the god of war and the sun, being one of the most important deities. They practiced ritual sacrifices to ensure the continuation of the world and to honor their gods. These sacrifices, often involving prisoners of war, were carried out at the top of grand temples such as the Templo Mayor in Tenochtitlán.
The Aztecs made significant contributions in agriculture, art, and engineering. They developed chinampas, or floating gardens, which allowed them to farm on the lake. Their society also had an advanced calendar system, impressive stone carvings, and vibrant pictographic writing.
The empire’s downfall came after Hernán Cortés and his forces allied with indigenous groups who opposed Aztec rule. The Spanish conquest, along with disease, led to the fall of Tenochtitlán in 1521.
Despite its fall, the Aztec Empire’s influence continues to shape Mexican culture and history. The legacy of the Aztecs is seen in modern art, language, and traditions, making it one of the most fascinating civilizations in world history.